For each dog, 13 optimal implant sites were simulated via geometrical simplification of the bone corridors. CT images of the craniocervical junction were prospectively obtained in 27 dogs and our method of OSIC analysis was applied in all dogs. The objectives of this study were 1- to provide a detailed description of the bone corridor analysis method and 2- to assess the reproducibility of the method. In order to study AA optimal safe implantation corridors (OSICs), we developed a method based on computed tomography (CT) and semi-automated three-dimensional (3D) mathematical modelling using OsiriX™ and Microsoft®Excel software.
Multiple implantation sites have been suggested but detailed anatomical studies investigating these sites are lacking and therefore current surgical guidelines are based upon approximate anatomical landmarks. Results indicate normal dachshunds have a median VHS above the published generic canine reference range, and VHS can be reliably performed by observers with varying degrees of clinical experience.Ĭanine ventral atlantoaxial (AA) stabilization is most commonly performed in very small dogs and is technically challenging due to extremely narrow bone corridors. No significant correlation was found between left atrial echocardiographic parameters and VHS. Observer consistency was high with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.95. VHS for females was significantly larger than for males (left: 10.56 versus 9.74 and right: 10.8 versus 9.99, p =. The median for right lateral VHS was significantly larger than left (10.3 versus 10.1, p <. The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test, calculation of reference and confidence intervals, Spearman rank-order correlations, and generation of intra-class correlations and confidence intervals. Five observers measured VHS to the nearest 0.25 vertebra. Fifty-one normal dachshunds had radiographs and an echocardiogram performed.
The objectives of this study were to determine a breed-specific vertebral heart scale (VHS) range for the dachshund and compare results to the established reference range of 9.7 ± 0.5, calculate inter-observer variability, and correlate VHS with echocardiography. A good correlation was noted between VHS and SHS, and a very strongly positive correlation existed between cardiac area measurements and cardiac dimensions.Ĭonclusion: The VHS adapted to ferrets, the SHS, as well as the cardiac area measurements presented in our study are ideal tools for the assessment of cardiac size in ferrets. The cardiac area open polygon (AREA-POL) values were: RL-AREA-POL: 6.78 ± 0.65 cm ² LL-AREA-POL: 6.88 ± 0.68 cm ² VD-AREA-POL: 7.20 ± 0.91 cm ² and DV-AREA-POL: 7.57 ± 0.88 cm ² for males and RL-AREA-POL: 4.28 ± 0.30 cm ² LL-AREA-POL: 4.35 ± 0.35 cm ² VD-AREA-POL: 4.72 ± 0.65 cm ² and DV-AREA-POL: 4.79 ± 0.66 cm ² for females, with similar differences noted from various radiographic projections. The new measurements based on determining the cardiac area were also marked by clear sexual dimorphism, as shown for the cardiac area-axis (AREA-AXIS): RL-AREA-AXIS: 3.82 ± 0.45 cm ² LL-AREA-AXIS: 3.87 ± 0.41 cm ² ventrodorsal (VD)-AREA-AXIS: 4.59 ± 0.64 cm ² and DV-AREA-AXIS: 4.80 ± 0.50 cm ² for males and RL-AREA-AXIS: 2.39 ± 0.23 cm ² LL-AREA-AXIS: 2.41 ± 0.26 cm ² VD-AREA-AXIS: 3.08 ± 0.45 cm ² and DV-AREA-AXIS: 3.06 ± 0.47 cm ² for females.
Regarding the sternebral heart scale (SHS), the values were: RL-SHS: 5.10 ± 0.20 s (sternebrae units) and LL-SHS: 5.11 ± 0.20 s for males and RL-SHS: 4.67 ± 0.24 s and LL-SHS: 4.67 ± 0.28 s for females. The results for the VHS were: right lateral VHS (RL-VHS): 5.52 ± 0.28 v (vertebrae units) left lateral (LL-VHS): 5.55 ± 0.28 v and dorsoventral VHS (DV-VHS): 6.22 ± 0.34 v for males and RL-VHS: 5.24 ± 0.2 v LL-VHS: 5.25 ± 0.20 v and DV-VHS: 5.97 ± 0.35 v for females. Results: Most of the cardiac measurements were significantly different between males and females. Cardiac measurements were also correlated to VHS and the cardiac dimension in the same projection. The measurements were made on right lateral, left lateral, ventrodorsal, and dorsoventral projections, using OsiriX MD medical imaging software, to evaluate sex effect and variance within the different heart scales. Methods: Forty healthy pet ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ) were used in this prospective study.
Objectives: To adapt the vertebral heart scale (VHS) for use in ferrets and identify new scales and tools that allow to establish the normal heart size by means of radiography more quickly and effectively.
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